Therefore, consistent with the higher serum progranulin in SLE patients (in whom progranulin exhibited a pro‐inflammatory TLR‐mediated action) than in healthy controls, serum progranulin in RA patients (in whom progranulin assumes an anti‐inflammatory role through TNFR1 and TNFR2) was expected to be lower than that in healthy controls. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1B and systemic lupus erythematosus.