Furthermore, the expression of the macrophage-specific marker CD68 was increased in both mouse and rat PD models, while treatment with Ang-1 alone, C16 alone, and C16 plus Ang-1 effectively repressed the upregulation of CD68, with the most robust effects observed in the C16 plus Ang-1 group (Fig. 5c, d). Here, CD68 is linked to Parkinson disease.