Moreover, western blot analysis revealed that the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors nuclear-factor kappa B (NF-κB; Supplementary Fig. 3a, mice; b, rats) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; Supplementary Fig. 3c mice; d, rats) in vehicle-treated PD models was inhibited by Ang-1 alone, C16 alone, as well as C16 plus Ang-1. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and Parkinson disease.