Furthermore, the counting of microglia/macrophages (identified by Iba-1, Fig. 10) and activated astrocytes (identified by GFAP) suggested that C16, Ang-1, and the combination of C16 and Ang-1 reduced the number of microglia, suppressed activated astrocytes, and inhibited the formation of glial scars (arrow in Fig. 11l) in PD models. Here, GFAP is linked to Parkinson disease.