TWIST1 and cancer: The EMT in cancer is a process of dedifferentiation due to external stimulation like TGF-β or IL-8, activation of transcription factors including Snail, Slug Twist, Zeb1, and Zeb2 (Horn et al., 2020), or oncogenic signals like WNT, Notch, and MAPK pathways (Stemmler et al., 2019).