Since the TGFβ1/Smad3 signal transduction pathway is involved in inducing EMT in ovarian cancer (17), we aimed to identify whether the TGFβ1/Smad3 pathway is more activated in 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids than in 2D-cultured ovarian cancer cells. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.