HMGCR and diabetes mellitus: Our serial studies have identified the main components and potential targets of FTZ and demonstrated its protective effects in treating hyperlipidemia, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aging-induced osteoporosis through regulation of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), attenuating insulin resistance, inhibiting the formation and activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and modulating sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, and amino acid metabolisms, respectively [11, 14–16].