Additionally, it has been reported that individuals with high levels of C-peptide, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as low level of adiponectin had significantly higher risk of ccRCC, all these biomarkers are obesity-related (8, 42). This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.