TLR4 and Sepsis: In addition, biglycan, another proteoglycan related to DCN, shows pro-inflammatory effects similar to those of DCN through the TLR2/TLR4-MyD88 pathway to boost the levels of TNF-α and macrophage inflammatory protein and prompt the infiltration of MNCs in the lungs in lipopolysaccharide- and zymosan-induced sepsis (Schaefer et al., 2005).