TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Interestingly, even as little as 3–10 days exposure, short-term HFD consumption has demonstrated that production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), apoptosis and memory impairments in humans and rodents in long before obesity symptoms appearance [11–15].