CFD and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Specifically, we set out to (i) identify genetic loci for adipsin, ghrelin, and visfatin by conducting the first GWAS ever for these traits; (ii) compare genetic loci for 13 obesity and diabetes-related cytokines and hormones in African-ancestry populations by conducting the first GWAS for these traits in Africans; (iii) evaluate the effect of strata defined by sex, BMI, and T2D status on GWAS findings for the 13 studied obesity and diabetes-related cytokines and hormones; and (iv) explore the phenotypic and genetic correlation between these obesity-related cytokines and hormones.