As a consequence of the diversity in the combinatorial presence of targeting signals, as well as, possibly, interacting partners, geminiviral C4 proteins can display an array of subcellular localizations, including plasma membrane, chloroplasts, nucleus, and cytoplasm (e.g., [9,26–29]); these subcellular localizations can be dynamically regulated at different stages of the infection [26,27]. Here, C4A is linked to infection.