HLA-E and influenza: Specifically, influenza samples maintained higher levels of type I IFN response–associated antiviral ISGs (e.g., IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, OAS2, OAS3, OASL) and antigen presentation genes (e.g., HLA-DRB5, HLA-C, B2M, HLA-B, HLA-E) (see Supplemental Data File 4).