PDCD4 and cancer: These studies have revealed that the abundance of PDCD4 protein is regulated at multiple levels, including via translation (Asangani et al., 2008; Frankel et al., 2008; Ning et al., 2014), proteasome-mediated degradation (Dorrello et al., 2006), and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking (Böhm et al., 2003), with decreases in PDCD4 correlating with invasion, proliferation, and metastasis of many types of cancer (Allgayer, 2010; Chen et al., 2003; Wang and Yang, 2018; Wei et al., 2012).