TLR9 and neoplasm: Tumor cells can release HMGB1 into the local microenvironment, where HMGB1 interacts with several receptors, such as toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, TLR-9, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which can lead to tumor cell survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis [3, 28, 29].