TNF and atrial fibrillation: In this study, we found that addition of resveratrol in the TNF-α group partly decreased AF cell apoptosis ratio and caspase-3/9 activity, downregulated expression of proapoptotic genes (Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP), and upregulated expression of antiapoptotic gene (Bcl-2), indicating that resveratrol can attenuate inflammatory cytokine TNF-α-induced disc AF cell apoptosis.