The transcriptomic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to F. hepatica in cattle has been characterised by apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), liver fibrosis and a Th2 response, with TNF, IL1B, and DUSP1, APP, STAT3 and mir-155 as important upstream regulator genes leading to hepatic fibrosis and apoptosis of APCs or migration and chemotaxis of leukocytes (18). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Hepatic fibrosis.