AKT1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In CRC cell lines, it has been reported that ECHS1 is able to suppress proliferation and migration through PI3K–Akt–GSKβ signaling pathways [15], and the knockdown of ECHS1 attenuates HCC proliferation by impairing cell metabolism and inducing cell apoptosis and autophagy by activating the AMP protein kinase (AMPK) pathway [16].