Significant increases of IL-1β and IL-6, and slight elevation of TNF-α and KC in BALF samples of PH-immunized mice after infection, were observed compared to those of rOMV-PH-immunized mice (Fig. 6B), implying that the rOMV-PH immunization more effectively coordinated cytokine/chemokine production in mice by rapidly eliminating bacterial burden in organs than the PH, rOMV-N, or PBS immunization. Here, TNF is linked to infection.