Analysis of BALF cytokine/chemokine in mice after i.n. infection showed that dramatically high levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and chemokine (KC) were secreted into the BALF of PBS- or rOMV-N-immunized mice 36 h postinfection compared to those in PH- or rOMV-PH-immunized mice. Here, TNF is linked to infection.