Most studies have found that high pretreatment sPD-L1 levels are associated with decreased survival in patients with advanced solid tumors (e.g., lung cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma)31,33,35–43. This evidence concerns the gene SPDL1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.