PTPRC and breast carcinoma: Encoded by LGALS1, galectin-1 is vital in the tumor-immune escape of breast cancer by binding to the membrane receptor PTPRC on immune cells, and according to previous research [37], PTPRC can cause the apoptosis of activated T cells, promote vascularization of tumor tissue, enhance the function of Treg cells, and attenuate T-cell immune response.