While antibodies targeting the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint have shown remarkable success in some cancers, to date they have not shown a survival benefit in large phase III studies in GBM.18 However, two recent small trials in which anti-PD1 antibodies were given shortly before second surgeries showed promising immunomodulatory effects19,20 and, in one trial, a small survival benefit.20 For PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint targeting, the anti-PD1 antibodies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have been most widely studied. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and glioblastoma.