S3 acts on the mitochondrial deubiquitinating enzyme USP30, which regulates mitochondrial morphology by modulating Mfn1 and Mfn2 deubiquitination, and this action increases Mfn1 and Mfn2 activity and induces mitochondrial fusion, suggesting its potential therapeutic value for diseases such as insulin resistance (Yue et al., 2014). Here, MFN1 is linked to Insulin resistance.