IAPP and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, T2D has been recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cross-amyloid interactions between hIAPP and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ1–42) have been shown to play a critical role in AD due to an increased toxicity of Aβ-IAPP hetero-oligomerization on neuronal cell membranes (Roriz-Filho et al., 2009; Bharadwaj et al., 2020; Ly et al., 2021).