DPP4 and diabetes mellitus: After adjusting for age, sex, insurance range, comorbidities, other antidiabetic medications, anti-HCV agents and duration of diabetes using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, the results revealed that the patients who took DPP-4 inhibitors had a significantly lower risk of HCC [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.59; 95% CI, 0.43–0.79; P = 0.001) compared to those who did not take DPP-4 inhibitors.