ACE and edema: In addition, practical guidance has been outlined for managing acute PPCM after childbirth, which consists of [35] (i) decongestive therapy via vasorelaxants, water pills, and non-invasive ventilatory support to reduce pulmonary edema and end-organ dysfunction; (ii) oral HF drugs (e.g. beta-receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]-inhibitors, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) to achieve better cardiac pumping function and cardiovascular outcomes; and (iii) complex HF treatment modalities including LV assist device and heart transplant when indicated.