TGFB1 and cancer: ‘Pathways in cancer’ include Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways.