A shift towards Th2 polarization may be occurring late in the infection in resistant fish, with elevated expression of il4/13, gata3, and stat5, in addition to Th1 markers ifnγ, il12, and tbet. Given that the Th2 cells are classically associated with the immune response to extracellular parasites, their role in the immune response to myxozoan infections warrants further study. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is infection.