VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial dysfunction is manifested by increased expression of adhesion molecules, e.g. C-reactive protein as well as, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and E-selectin, as was shown in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients (3, 4).