Moreover, in human infectious diseases, GZMK has been found to activate protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) in endothelial and fibroblast cells and induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL1, IL-6, and MCP-1 (Sharma et al., 2016; Herich et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene GZMK and infectious disease.