CSF2 and Alzheimer disease: Indeed, GM-CSF treatment not only increases the levels of many cellular and cytokine biomarkers of inflammation in the blood of AD patients (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, IL-2, IL-6, and TNFα), but also reduces the levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 and increases the levels of the typically anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Potter et al., 2021).