APOE and Alzheimer disease: Although not typically considered a neuroinflammatory molecule, APOE expression is upregulated by astrocytes and microglia early in the AD pathological process (Keren-Shaul et al., 2017; Krasemann et al., 2017; Kang et al., 2018; Rangaraju et al., 2018), and it also plays a pivotal role in modulating the neuroinflammatory cascade by both Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways (McGeer et al., 1997; Maezawa et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2012; Cudaback et al., 2015; Shi et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2018).