These findings led us to design and carry out a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind Phase II clinical trial in mild-to-moderate AD participants, which showed that subcutaneous injection of sargramostim (5 days/week for 3 weeks) was safe, associated with reduced plasma biomarkers of neuronal damage/neurodegeneration (i.e., total tau and UCH-L1), and improved cognition based on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (Potter et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and Alzheimer disease.