TNF and neoplasm: These results are consistent with those of our previous study showing that the TLR2 agonist rlipo-protein stimulates BMDCs to develop a proinflammatory phenotype.5 The TLR2 agonist in combination with GM-CSF further augments rlipo-protein-induced BMDC activation, which is consistent with previous reports showing that the proinflammatory properties of GM-CSF stimulate myeloid cells to increase production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α.16 However, inflammatory responses can either be beneficial for tumor immune control or promote tumor growth.