CSF1 and neoplasm: This depletion of macrophages inhibited tumor growth and might result from the removal of a certain portion of protumor macrophages.38 GM-CSF expression reduces the responsiveness of macrophages to M-CSF by enhancing the cleavage of CSF-1R, preventing macrophage recruitment and proliferation.30 39 However, whether the combination of the TLR2 agonist and GM-CSF is involved in the function of macrophages, which can switch from protumor to antitumor phenotypes, needs to be further investigated.