AXL and lung carcinoma: Interestingly, S-011’s tumor harbored an AXL mutation (AXL L109H), which may further confer resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy.39 The inhibitory effect of sitravatinib on AXL kinase may have increased sensitivity to PD-1 directed therapy, as demonstrated in lung cancer models.40 This patient had ctDNA rise on day 15 but achieved ctDNA clearance pre-surgery, suggesting that the combination created an antitumor effect beyond PD-L1 blockade.