TNF and ischemic stroke: Our present findings show that SA treatment after tMCAO significantly decreases the pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1 β, TNF-α, TNF- β, etc.)and Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) while increasing the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10.The pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, TNF- β, etc.)promote neuronal death and exacerbate the brain infarct while the anti-inflammatory (TGF- β,IL10, etc.)inflammatory cytokines promote the survival of neurons, and inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing harmful inflammation after ischemic stroke (Ramiro et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2019).