However, these tumors have been closely linked to several related cancer syndromes such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex.[22] Lodish et al[22] provided the hypothesis that the deregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway might be an underlying mechanism for specific tumors in these related syndromes. This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and neurofibromatosis type 1.