OTX2 and neoplasm: Insulin-like growth Factor-2 mRNA binding proteins modulate cell polarization, adhesion, and migration in tumor-derived cells; moreover, they are highly associated with cancer metastasis and the expression of oncogenic factors (KRAS, MYC, and MDR1).[21] A correlation has been demonstrated between the level of extracellular matrix molecule expression and the invasive and metastatic aggressiveness of tumor cells.[22] One study reported that HOXB1, HOXB2, and HOXB3 are able to positively interact with the Otx2 upstream regulatory sequence in an embryonal carcinoma cell line.[40]