ALB and diabetes mellitus: Recently, investigators have explored the ability of nomogram on DR risk prediction, which were instructive in DR screening: Zhuang et al. built nomogram models to predict the risk of DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) originated from duration of diabetes, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and LDL [12]; Mo et al. developed an analogous risk nomogram of DR based on other seven systemic predictors [21].