In particular, we selected 5 RA patients under TNF-α-inhibitors with or without DMARD, 3 patients under CTLA-4-inhibitors with or without DMARD/CCS, 3 patients under IL-6-inhibitors with or without DMARD/CCS, and 4 DMARD with or without CCS-treated patients. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.