In particular, the IFN-γ-S-specific levels were significantly lower in RA patients under TNF-α-inhibitors with or without DMARD, IL-6-inhibitors with or without DMARD/CCS, and CTLA-4-inhibitors with or without DMARD/CCS therapy than those in HCWs (p=0.0020, p<0.0001, p<0.0001, respectively). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.