The RA cohort consisted of 7 patients under treatment with TNF-α-inhibitors with or without DMARD, 8 treated with IL-6-inhibitors with or without DMARD/CCS, 13 under CTLA-4-inhibitors with or without DMARD/CCS, and 7 under only DMARD (5 patients were receiving MTX, 1 salazopyrin, and 1 hydroxychloroquine) with or without CCS. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.