TNF and memory impairment: Furthermore, it was observed that the reduction in Aβ levels in mice treated with EGCG was accompanied by the inhibition in signaling to tumor necrosis factor alpha/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (TNF-α/JNK) and a decrease in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), suggesting a correlation with the restoration of memory impairment by EGCG and the attenuation of insulin resistance (Jia et al., 2013).