IFI27 and bacterial infectious disease: Though direct comparison to genes in our study was limited, the overall theme of distinct gene profiles for viral and bacterial infection and a variable (heterogeneous) pattern for combined viral and bacterial infection was similar to the patterns observed in the exploratory heatmap (without pollution modeling) of our study (Fig. 2). In another study focused on individual genes, found that a single gene (IFI27) is able to differentiate influenza from RBI30.