Greater increases in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α compared with the Blank group were observed in the Infection group than in the XPa + Infection group (XPa + Infection 1.33 ± 0.65 and Infection 2.49 ± 0.57 for IL-1β, XPa + Infection 32.78 ± 6.65 and Infection 411.65 ± 17.52 for IL-6, XPa + Infection 9.95 ± 0.02 and Infection 19.7 ± 8.62 for IL-8, and XPa + Infection 2.67 ± 1.55 and Infection 10.34 ± 2.82 for TNF-α) (Fig. 6i). Here, TNF is linked to infection.