In addition, prostate cancer screening using PSA and TRUS biopsy is associated with an increased risk of overdiagnosis comprising 20%–50% of cancers detected.15 These ‘overdiagnosed’ cancers that would not have presented clinically within the man’s lifetime still lead to treatments that can result in significant side effects, particularly on continence and sexual function. Here, KLK3 is linked to Familial prostate cancer.