Our data further support the view that conventional pulmonary CD103+ TRM cells are less pathogenic in vivo, whereas the CD69+CD103− T cells and/or CXCR6hi effector-like tissue-resident cells exhibited more inflammatory and cytopathic features, potentially contributing to the persistent tissue pathology and impaired lung function observed in aged COVID-19 convalescents (fig. Here, CD69 is linked to COVID-19.