Moreover, lithium therapy – the mainstay treatment for BDs treatment – yields immunomodulatory effects13: it has been shown that successful treatment with this medication leads to the normalization of altered cytokine levels,14 and patients who do not respond to lithium therapy also have persistently high TNF‐α serum levels,15 whereas those who benefit from lithium therapy, besides retaining elevated TNF‐α levels, show an increase in anti‐inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL‐4) levels.16 Here, TNF is linked to Diamond-Blackfan anemia.