Similar to LECs isolated from congenital lymphatic anomalies,18,35,36 pcLECs had increased VEGFC and VEGFR3 expression,35,36 mislocalized endothelial junctional proteins, CD31 and VECADHERIN,18,37 and formed dilated lymphatic channels when xenograft in mice.18,37 Since pcLECs come from cardiac patients who developed postoperative chylothorax, their similarity to LECs from congenital lymphatic anomalies further supports that there are intrinsic LEC defects in congenital cardiac patients. This evidence concerns the gene CDH5 and Chylothorax.