Both the lymphatics surrounding the major arteries and intralobular lymphatic vessels express PODOPLANIN.33 Similar to HdLECs used in these studies, LECs isolated from lungs from cancer patients express PROX1 in the nucleus, and PODOPLANIN, VEGFR2, CD31, and LYVE1 at the cell surface.34 pcLECs had reduced expression or mislocalization of proteins necessary for LEC differentiation and function, suggesting the anatomical and physiologic lymphatic vascular defects observed by imaging may be a result of these LEC defects. This evidence concerns the gene PECAM1 and cancer.