Besides, loss of gut microbiota by using GF mice or treating specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice with antibiotics ablated the response to immunotherapies, including anti-IL-10 receptor plus CpG-oligonucleotide on MC38 tumor-bearing mice (43), anti-CTLA4 on MCA205 sarcoma-bearing mice (51), anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 on MC38 tumor-bearing mice (34, 89), anti-CD47 on MC38 tumor-bearing mice (28), and anti-PD1 on CT26 tumor-bearing mice (92). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is neoplasm.