Currently, engineered a non-pathogenic E. coli strain, expressing encoded nanobody antagonist of CD47, or nanobodies targeting PD-L1 and CTLA4, or STING agonist, were administered to activate systemic antitumor immunity and to regress tumor burden in mouse models (118–120), although, until now, those engineered probiotics were designed to kill tumors, directly. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.