In addition, JAK-STAT signaling mediated essential cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-2 or IL-22) participating in immune and stromal gut cell homeostasis and those well-described mediators (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-23 or IL-9) involving in pathological processes in IBD (31, 44). Here, IFNG is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.