TNF and edema: Our results suggest a reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α (Fig. 5A), IL-6 (Fig. 5B), IL-1β (Fig. 5C), and MMP-13 (Fig. 5D) in the ASPP 092 treated ear of the mice in a dose-dependent manner when compared to that of the EPP-induced ear edema mice those are untreated.