MTOR and cancer: It is well known that in human cancers, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is the most common aberrant kinase cascade signaling pathway that promotes tumor cell proliferation through the activation of growth factor receptors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)11.