CDK19 and diabetes mellitus: In conclusion, our data are the first to show that high expression of CDK19 can promote the proliferation of diabetes-associated liver cancer, and the antiproliferative effect of CA in diabetes-associated liver cancer may be to inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells under HG conditions by decreasing the activity of CDK19 and thereby inhibiting the YAP-O-GlcNAcylation pathway (Fig. 7D).