LPS-induced pulmonary edema, accumulation of inflammatory cells in BALF (eg, neutrophils and macrophages), and increased inflammatory cytokines (eg, TNF-α and IL-6) were significantly attenuated in mice pretreated with valnemulin or dexamethasone compared with no-treatment control group, with histologic analysis suggesting a protective effect from valnemulin on LPS-induced acute lung injury [36]. Here, TNF is linked to injury.