FOS and colorectal carcinoma: MUC2 promoter analysis suggested that an active butyrate-responsive region containing an AP1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) cis-element is required for the activation of MUC2 via acetylation and methylation of histones.75 Further, an investigation of the effect of butyrate on mucin secretion in LS174T CRC cells revealed the influence of beneficial probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) species.76 Treatment of LS174T cells with butyrate (6 or 9 mM) led to increased mucin protein content, which enhanced adherence of probiotic strains, thereby inhibiting pathogenic Escherichia coli (E.coli) attachment.